Fallacies of ambiguity occur because of a shift in the meaning of words or phrases during the argument.
Equivocation
Using a key word in an ambiguous way, with one meaning in one portion of the argument and then another meaning in another portion.
Example: "Noisy children are a headache. Aspirin makes headaches go away. Therefore, aspirin makes noisy children go away."
Amphiboly
An ambiguity that results from grammatical construction, often a dangling modifier.
Example: "Save soap and waste paper."
Composition
Reasoning that what is true of the parts must be true of the whole.
Example: "Each player on the team is famous. Therefore, the team is famous."
Division
Reasoning that what is true of the whole must be true of the parts.
Example: "The ball is round. Therefore, the atoms making up the ball are round."