Research MethodsTopic #6 of 10

Integrating Evidence

Techniques for quoting, paraphrasing, and summarizing source material effectively.

Using evidence effectively strengthens your argument and demonstrates your research.

Quoting

Use direct quotes when the author's wording is unique or powerful.

  • Format: Enclose the text in quotation marks and provide a citation.
  • Signal Phrase: Introduce the quote (e.g., According to Smith...).

Paraphrasing

Restating a passage in your own words.

  • Purpose: To simplify or clarify complex ideas.
  • Rule: Must be significantly different from the original wording but keep the original meaning.
  • Citation: You must still cite the source.

Summarizing

Condensing the main ideas of a text into a concise overview.

  • Use: When you need to give a broad overview of a source.
  • Citation: Required.

"Sandwich" Quote Method

  1. Top Bun: Introduce the quote (signal phrase).
  2. Meat: The quote itself.
  3. Bottom Bun: Explain the quote and connect it to your thesis.