Power Rule for Integration
For n=−1:
∫xndx=n+1xn+1+C
Special Case: n = -1
∫x−1dx=∫x1dx=ln∣x∣+C
Constant Multiple Rule
∫k⋅f(x)dx=k⋅∫f(x)dx
Sum and Difference Rule
∫[f(x)±g(x)]dx=∫f(x)dx±∫g(x)dx
Complete Table of Basic Integrals
Algebraic Functions
| Integral | Result |
|---|
| ∫kdx | kx+C |
| ∫xndx | n+1xn+1+C, n=−1 |
| ∫x1dx | $\ln |
| ∫ax+b1dx | $\frac{1}{a}\ln |
Exponential Functions
| Integral | Result |
|---|
| ∫exdx | ex+C |
| ∫eaxdx | a1eax+C |
| ∫axdx | ln(a)ax+C |
Trigonometric Functions
| Integral | Result |
|---|
| ∫sin(x)dx | −cos(x)+C |
| ∫cos(x)dx | sin(x)+C |
| ∫tan(x)dx | $-\ln |
| ∫cot(x)dx | $\ln |
| ∫sec(x)dx | $\ln |
| ∫csc(x)dx | $-\ln |
| ∫sec2(x)dx | tan(x)+C |
| ∫csc2(x)dx | −cot(x)+C |
| ∫sec(x)tan(x)dx | sec(x)+C |
| ∫csc(x)cot(x)dx | −csc(x)+C |
Inverse Trigonometric Functions
| Integral | Result |
|---|
| ∫1−x21dx | arcsin(x)+C |
| ∫1+x21dx | arctan(x)+C |
| ∫x2−11dx | $\text{arcsec}( |
| ∫a2−x21dx | arcsin(ax)+C |
| ∫a2+x21dx | a1arctan(ax)+C |
Examples
Example 1: Polynomial
∫(4x3−2x2+5x−3)dx=x4−32x3+25x2−3x+C
Example 2: Radicals
∫(x+x1)dx=∫(x1/2+x−1/2)dx
=3/2x3/2+1/2x1/2+C
=32x3/2+2x1/2+C=32xx+2x+C
Example 3: Rational function
∫x2x2+1dx=∫(1+x21)dx=∫(1+x−2)dx
=x−x1+C
Example 4: Trig functions
∫(3sin(x)−2cos(x))dx=−3cos(x)−2sin(x)+C
Example 5: Exponentials
∫(e2x−3ex)dx=21e2x−3ex+C
Example 6: Inverse trig pattern
∫4+x21dx=∫22+x21dx=21arctan(2x)+C
Example 7: Completing the square
∫3−x21dx=∫(3)2−x21dx=arcsin(3x)+C
Tips
- Always include +C for indefinite integrals
- Check by differentiating your answer
- Simplify the integrand before integrating when possible
- Watch for patterns that match known formulas